Python Operators

Python Operators — Notes

1. What are Operators?

• Operators are special symbols or keywords that perform operations on variables and values.

• Example:

  x = 5 + 3   # '+' is an addition operator
  

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2. Types of Operators in Python

a) Arithmetic Operators

Used for mathematical operations:

Operator	Description	Example
+	Addition	x + y
-	Subtraction	x - y
*	Multiplication	x * y
/	Division	x / y
%	Modulus (remainder)	x % y
**	Exponentiation	x ** y
//	Floor Division	x // y

Example:

a = 10
b = 3
print(a + b)  # 13
print(a ** b) # 1000

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b) Comparison (Relational) Operators

Used to compare values — return True or False.

Operator	Meaning
==	Equal to
!=	Not equal to
>	Greater than
<	Less than
>=	Greater than or equal to
<=	Less than or equal to

Example:

x = 5
print(x > 3)  # True

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c) Assignment Operators

Used to assign values to variables:

Operator	Example	Equivalent to
=	x = 5	Assigns 5 to x
+=	x += 3	x = x + 3
-=	x -= 3	x = x - 3
*=	x *= 3	x = x * 3
/=	x /= 3	x = x / 3
%=	x %= 3	x = x % 3
**=	x **= 3	x = x ** 3
//=	x //= 3	x = x // 3

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d) Logical Operators

Used to combine conditional statements:

Operator	Meaning	Example
and	True if both are True	x > 3 and y < 10
or	True if at least one is True	x > 3 or y < 10
not	True if condition is False	not(x > 3)

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e) Bitwise Operators

Operate on binary numbers:

Operator	Meaning
&	AND
`	`	OR
^	XOR
~	NOT
<<	Left shift
>>	Right shift

Example:

a = 5   # 0101
b = 3   # 0011
print(a & b)  # 1 (0001)

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f) Membership Operators

Check if a value is in a sequence:

Operator	Meaning
in	True if found
not in	True if not found

Example:

fruits = ["apple", "banana"]
print("apple" in fruits)      # True
print("cherry" not in fruits) # True

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g) Identity Operators

Check if two variables refer to the same object:

Operator	Meaning
is	True if same object
is not	True if different objects

Example:

x = [1, 2]
y = x
z = [1, 2]
print(x is y)      # True
print(x is z)      # False